Cardiac catheterization is a minimally invasive procedure used to diagnose and treat heart conditions. A thin, flexible tube (catheter) is inserted into a blood vessel and guided to the heart to assess how well the heart is functioning.

Coronary angioplasty is a procedure used to open blocked or narrowed coronary arteries to improve blood flow to the heart. A small balloon is inflated inside the artery to widen it, and a stent may be placed to keep the artery open, reducing the risk of heart attacks and improving symptoms of heart disease.

Peripheral angiography is a diagnostic procedure that uses X-ray imaging to examine the arteries in areas outside the heart, such as the legs, arms, or kidneys. A contrast dye is injected through a catheter to detect blockages or narrowing in the peripheral arteries that may affect blood flow.

Peripheral angioplasty is a treatment to open narrowed or blocked peripheral arteries, usually in the legs, arms, or other areas outside the heart. A balloon is inflated at the site of the blockage to widen the artery, and a stent may be inserted to maintain blood flow and relieve symptoms such as pain or cramping.

Pacemaker placement is a procedure to implant a small device under the skin of the chest to regulate abnormal heart rhythms. The pacemaker sends electrical signals to prompt the heart to beat at a normal rate, helping to prevent symptoms like dizziness, fainting, or fatigue due to bradycardia (slow heart rate).

Defibrillator placement involves implanting an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) under the skin to monitor and correct abnormal heart rhythms. The device can deliver shocks to the heart when it detects life-threatening arrhythmias, such as ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation, preventing sudden cardiac arrest.

An implantable loop recorder is a small device inserted under the skin of the chest to continuously monitor heart rhythms over a long period. It helps detect irregular heartbeats that may not appear during short-term tests and is commonly used to investigate unexplained fainting or arrhythmias.